A Contrastive Analysis Of Adjective Clause In English and Indonesia On Explanation Text

This research aims to determine the ability of students of the 6th semester English study program at HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar University in using adjective clauses in Indonesian and English. This research aims to show the dominant function and types of adjective clauses in explanatory text. Apart from that, this journal also shows differences in the use of adjective clauses between English and Indonesian. Researchers looked at adjective-clause material based on English and Indonesian. The method used in this research is called library research, or in other words library research. From this research it can be concluded that the number of words most often found in the use of adjective clauses for explanatory text is 7, with a total of 7 words from 10 sentences. In Indonesia, 7 words out of 10 sentences. This means that, in both English and Indonesian, adjective clauses in explanatory texts have differences and similarities between English and Indonesian.


INTRODUCTION
Audio system and listeners, writers and their audiences have to function in the equal system to recognize each other.In other words, a language with out grammar is like a pile of bricks with out the mortar to place them collectively.while the basic additives exist, they are, for all intents and purposes, useless.Crystal (in Koval, 2019) argues that grammar is a way of expressing our emotions through the structural shape of language.Grammar is the examine of the way sentences in a selected language are built.in keeping with Scott, Thornbury (1999) states that grammar is an evaluation of sentence paperwork which have meaning.in addition, grammar is the formation of meaning from combinations of phrases, and describes how language works (Chen, Li, & Wang, 2019).From the description above, it can be concluded that grammar is related to the shape of phrases and sentences (Alsalem, 2019).
In language, we can find several clauses which have meaning.Clauses are the basic unit of grammar.A clause is the maximum important unit in building a sentence (Indahsari, 2020).A clause is a collection of words that has its personal issue and predicate.according to Arifin (2008:34), a clause is a grammatical unit within the shape of a combination of words, which at least includes a subject and a predicate (Sutrisno, 2020).The clause or aggregate of these words has the capability to end up a sentence.Clauses have two basic kinds, namely: 1. Indepedent clause or principal clause or main clause Indepedent clause is a group of word containing a subject and predicate that can stand as a sentence by itself (Farmer 1985:324) e.g:The star is shining in the sky S P 2. Dependent or subordinate clause According to Husain (in Cowie, 2018) Dependent clause is a clause that can't stand by itself or still depends on indepedent clause because it does not have a complete idea yet.A dependent clause may be an adverb clause,an adjective clause, or noun clause.
e.g: 1.The boy who played the guitar won the trophy (adjective clause) 2. whatever he does is always wrong for her.(noun clause) 3. Deski was angry because we didn't invite her at the party (adverb clause) A phrase is a group of words that stand together as a single grammatical unit, typically as part of a clause or a sentence.A phrase is a group of words which act together as a grammatical unit.According to Richard (1985:39), a phrase is a group of words that form a grammatical unit.A phrase does not contain a finite verb and does not have a subject predicate structure.According to Greenbaum and Sidney (in Dheghu, Mata, & Rita, 2021), "may be phrases have possible functions; they can be as subject, direct object, indirect object, object complement, subject complement, modifier, and can be an infinitive verb or finite verb."Dalahunty and Garvey (2000:274) state that "a traditional phrase is defined as a group of words that does not contain a verb and its subject and is used as a single part of speech (Nofrika, 2019)."This definition entails three characteristics: (1) it specifies that a phrase can only be made up of a group of words, implying that a single word cannot; (2) it distinguishes phrases from clauses; and (3) it requires that the groups of words thought to be a phrase form a single grammatical unit.
Grammar, on the other hand, is concerned with the formal rules for such word-combining in the expression of ideas.A word is a single unit of language that means something and can be spoken or written.(Hiklová, 2020) said that a word is a minimal free form.The term "word" is used to designate an intermediate structure smaller than a whole phrase and yet generally larger than a single sound segment.After that According to Jackson et al. (Napu, 2019), there are four characteristics considered essential in the definition of the word "in English".These are : 1.The word is an uninteruptible unit.The internal stability of the word is added either at the beginning as prefixes of the word or at the end as suffixes.e.g., the prefix dis-added to the words advantage = disadvantage The addition of the suffix -ness to the words happy = happiness 2. The word may consist of one or more morphemes.When it consists of one morpheme only, then it cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful units.Example: cat, hair, woman, work These are called simple words, When words consist of more than one morpheme, they may be either complex or compund.a. Complex words may be broken down into one free form and one or more bound forms.
Example: dog-s, happi-ly, quick-er, work-ing b.Compund words consist of more than one free form.Example: birth-day, black-bird, candle-stick, coat-hanger.3. The word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.Then morphemes are used to build words, words to build phrases, phrases to build clauses, and clauses to build sentences.4. Each word has the property of belonging to a specific word class or part of speech.distinguish words as follows: a. Clossed classes: preposition, pronoun, determiner, conjunction, auxiliary verb.b.Nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs are open classes.c.Substantial categories: numeral, interjection d.A small number of words have unique functions: the particle not and the infinitive marker to.A function word is a word that expresses a grammatical or structural relationship with other words in a sentence.In contrast to a content word, a function word has little or no meaningful content (Silalahi, Rafli, & Rasyid, 2018).We can predict and describe the patterns that will cause difficulty in learning and those that will not cause difficulty in learning by systematically comparing the language use patterns that will cause difficulty in learning and those that will not cause difficulty in learning.Robert Lado Contrastive analysis concerned comparing the students' native language, or L1, with the target language, or L2 .On the other hand, if the L1 was easily translated into L2, then this was seen as a positive transfer on the other hand.If the L1 did not easily translate into the L2, this was seen as a negative transfer (Cahyati, Parmawati, & Atmawidjaja, 2019).
Contrastive analysis is the analysis of two languages based on forms and meanings or languages.Greenbaum (1973) defines a clause as being like a sentence variety, which is a group of related words containing at least a subject or verb.An adjective appears as a clause known as an "adjective clause."The adjective clause is part of the subordinate clause.An adjective clause (also called a relative clause) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.It tells which one or what kind it is.Based on previous studies above, this chapter focuses on a review of the analysis of adjective clauses in English and Indonesia on explanation text.Each of those will be discussed more in the following section (Sandra, 2018).
For the first study, an adjective clause based on English language with some definition of an adjective clause is seen.A dependent clause that functions like an adjective is known as an adjective clause (Fitria, 2018).According to Syah (1997), an adjective clause is a clause that functions as an adjective or modifies a noun.From the states above, it can be concluded the clause name contains an adjective element.An adjective clause is an adjective modifying clause.An adjective clause (also known as a relative clause) is a clause that acts as an adjective and can alter the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
It means that an adjective clause describes or gives additional information about a noun.e.g., the movie that we saw last week was the sweetest movie I've ever seen.The example shows us that the adjective clause that we saw last week describes the noun in the movie.
It means that an adjective clause describes or gives additional information about a pronoun.e.g., It is me whom you met at the party yesterday.The example shows us that the adjective clause whom you met at the party yesterday describes the pronoun me.
There are two types of adjective clauses.Those are : 1.An adjective clause that is necessary, limiting, or restrictive According to Farmers (in Nadirah, Tahir, & Asrifan, 2019), An essential adjective clause contains information that is necessary to the meaning of the sentence.Without it, the sentence would have a very different meaning .Restrictive adjective clauses also aid in the identification or definition of the noun phrase that they modify (Krohn, 1975: 185).e.g., Neil Armstrong is the first man who stepped foot on the moon." In the above clauses, the adjective clause is "who stepped his feet on the moon".An example sentence is as follows: if the adjective clause is omitted, then the meaning of the clauses above will change.

A non-restrictive/appositive/non-definitive adjective clause
Additive adjective clauses give further information which is not essential to the meaning or identification of the noun phrase.They are synonymous with separate (Krohn, 1975: 187).The information simply adds information to a sentence; the information does not change the meaning of the sentence.e.g.,An example like"Hana, who just graduated from high school, is an accomplished figure skater." While the nonrestrictive clause who just graduated from high school offers a good description of the subject of this sentence, Hana, the sentence retains its meaning without it.Since removing the adjective clause from the sentence does not change the basic meaning of the sentence, the clause is considered to be unnecessary.The relative pronoun that can't be used in nonessential adjective clause (Uktolseja, Sujaja, & Matinahoru, 2019).

Relative pronoun
Function to describe or modify the preceding noun or pronoun (Ahmadi, 1993 : 52). 1. Who, Who is used to refer to persons that function as subject of the sentence (Farmer, 1985 : 389).e.g.,: Deski , who is my best friend, will marry a lawyer next S V month O The sentence shows that the relative pronoun who refers to Deski functions as a subject.Who is always followed by the verb of the clause.Whom "Whom" refers to the people who serve as the sentence's objects (Farmer, 1985: 389).The subject of the clause will always follow the object pronoun with whom.
Chelsi loves the man whom she met at the Pasar Horas S V O S V The sentence shows that the pronoun whom refers to the man that function as the object of the sentence.i. Whose Ridwan (1995: 19) defines whose as "persons, animals, and objects or things with possessive meaning."e.g.,My neighbor's dog whose fur is black is my neighbor's.
ii.Which which applies to things, animals, and ideas but not to people (Farmer, 1985: 391).e.g.,The novel which I bought last week, is very nice.purchased last week is excellent.which is preferred to that for use in non-essential clauses.iii.That That refers to people, objects, ideas, or animals.That is preferred to what in essential clauses in writing (Farmer, 1985: 392).e.g.,The car that was stolen last month was found in a river.An adjective clause is introduced by the combination of a preposition and a relative pronoun. in which case .a.The pocket in which your clothes were packed has been lost.b.From whom The girl from whom you got this letter has died.A. Relative Adverbial Describe an adverb that functions in a sentence as a conjunction (Syah, 1974: 74).The relative adverbs used in the adjective clause are where , why, and when.They connect the dependent clause to a noun in the sentence.The relative adverb modifies the verb in the dependent clause.1.Where is used to refer to locations.2. For example, she is unfamiliar with the hospital where her husband died.3. When" is used to refer to time.4. For example, Saturday is the day when I enjoy my holiday.5.That is the reason why I couldn't meet you.

The form of adjective clause
To form an adjective clause, a relative pronoun replaces a word, phrase, or clause within another clause.Consider, for example, the following sentences: 1.The book belongs to the library.2.You stole the book.
3. The book that you stole belongs to the library.In the third sentence, the adjective clause is that you stole.The relative pronoun that replaces the noun phrase is the book, which is the direct object of the clause in the second sentence.The adjective clause that you stole then describes the noun phrase the book from the first sentence to create the third sentence, which consists of an adjective clause embedded in the main, or verb, clause (Fitria, 2020).

Using Adjective Clauses
Adjective clauses perform four grammatical functions within sentences in the English language.The four functions of adjective clauses are: a. Noun phrase modifier b. e.g., The map you sent me last week seems outdated c.Verb phrase modifier e.g., The neighbor whose car you hit mowed over my flowers.d.Prepositional phrase modifier e.g., Employees must arrive between seven and nine, which is a reasonable time frame e. Noun clause modifier e.g.,That the museum cancelled the lecture, which is quite surprising, disappoints me.Adjective clauses are dependent or subordinate clauses that consist of a subordinating conjunction, specifically a relative pronoun, followed by a clause.Adjective clauses perform four adjectival functions: noun phrase modifier, verb phrase modifier, prepositional phrase modifier, and noun clause modifier.

The pattern of an adjective clause
Adjective Clause Formulas in Sentences In using an adjective clause in a sentence, the formulas below.a. Relative pronoun + S + V Relative pronouns (which, who, that) can function as subjects if there are no other subjects.The position of an adjective clause in an English sentence always follows the noun and pronoun being explained.Nouns or pronouns in the main clause can function as subjects, objects, or subject complement in a sentence.b.Relative adverb + S + V In addition to relative pronouns, there are also relative adverbs (when, where, why) that can be used in the use of an adjective clause.Relative adverbs serve to explain or explain nouns as adverbs of place, adverbs of time, and also for reasons.
Research finds material about adjective clauses in Indonesia.As for in Indonesia, research sees an adjective clause in Indonesia (kata sifat klausa/klausa adjektiva).English and Indonesia almost have the same adjective clause material.

Defenition of clause
According to H. Alwi, a clause is a syntactic unit consisting of two or more words and containing an element of predication.In this type of adjective clause, the predicate is a state word.The arrangement of adjective clauses generally consists of a subject categorized as a noun and a predicate categorized as an adjective.A clause is a unit or element of sentence building.This clause contains a subject and a predicate or word that describes the subject.You can also add objects, complements, or other adverbs.

The function clause
The function of this clause is related to the formation of a sentence.So, a sentence can be formed with a clause.
If based on its position, the clause is only divided into two.Here are the two parts of the clause based on its position.As for the bound clause, it is the opposite of the free one.The clause cannot be used as a sentence or stand alone.There must be a connecting word or a crutch.
An adjective clause is a clause whose P consists of an adjective group.words or phrases made up of adjective groupsSo, the adjective clause has namely the subject and the predicate, are mandatory elements.The predicate The composition of the adjective clause is positioned as a state word, consists of a subject in the noun category and a predicate in the Adjective category e.g.,: "He is very clever" the word "clever" is a noun and the word "very" is an adverb.In this type of adjective clause(klausa adjektiva), the predicate is a state.word.The arrangement of adjective clauses generally consists of a a subject categorized as a noun and a predicate categorized as an adjective.Some examples of adjective clauses (klausa adjektiva) (Kardiansyah & Salam, 2020).According to Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson (1997:82), the explanation text type is often used to tell how and why things (phenomena) occur in nature.From the states above An explanation text is a text that describes the occurrence of a process.An explanation text or explanatory text has the aim of explaining various social, natural, and cultural phenomena.
An explanation text has the purpose of preparing or directing the reader to the text.The explanation text explains how the process starts with the formation of natural, social, scientific, and cultural phenomena.Some of the characteristics that often appear in English explanatory texts: 1.There is a passive voice (passive sentence).2. Like the example of narrative text, in the explanation text also uses action verbs (action verbs).3. The existence of an abstract noun (verb that appears).4. Using the simple present tense in the sentence Texts of this type are very often found in science, history, and geography books.Generic structure in the explanation text, namely : 1. Title : The title in this text usually appears in various forms that mention an action to the questions "How" and "Why".Such questions will be answered with explanations in the text.2. Opening Statement : With an opening statement that introduces or identifies a phenomenon to be discussed, it will give the reader a brief introduction to the text.3. Sequencing : When writing an article, it should be separated into several sequences or sections.

Conclusion :
The conclusion given at the end of the explanation text will give the impression that the writing made is valid.5. Visual : The pictures or visuals provided are useful for clarifying the existing explanation text.
Accurate diagrams or illustrations are very important to support the explanation text.
Here the research sees a contrasive analysis of adjective clauses in English and Indonesia on the explanation text.In contrastive analysis, there is a problem that is widely discussed.It is said that contrastive analysis can help teachers design teaching and learning materials (methodology) as well as help methodologies pay attention to what is taught and how to teach.Contrastive analysis can also help textbooks when the author avoids the use of high-level material difficulty and high performance levels in the same text (Murtisari, Widiningrum, Branata, & Susanto, 2019).Researchers' analysis concludes that a contrast analysis is finding differences and similarities in adjective clauses in English and Indonesia in explanation text through the English Student Book for Senior High School (SMA).

METODE
This research method chosen in this research was used based on the problems analyzed.According to David Williams (in Firman, Baedhowi, & Murtini, 2018), qualitative research is an attempt by researchers to collect data based on a natural setting.Of course, because it is done naturally or naturally, the results of the research are also scientific and can be accounted for.The study will look at the differences between adjective clauses in English and Indonesian explanation texts from senior high school.Flooding of Explanation Text Material This study aims to show the dominant function and types of adjective clauses in English and Indonesian in explanatory text.
This journal also shows the differences in the use of adjective clauses between English and Indonesian.Researchers use the theory of Oshima and Hogue, which includes six functions and two types of adjective clauses.The method used in this case This research is called literature, or in other words, library research.There are many ways to collect data for qualitative research, such as: documentation, observation, tests, interviews, and questionnaires.In this study, researchers collected data using documentation (Susanty, 2021).According to KBBI, a method of documenting data aims to describe the collected data in a way that makes it easier to use, retrieve, and manage.
Data documentation takes various forms and describes the data on multiple levels .The description of the dataset and data object is also referred to as metadata, i.e., data about the data.They then collected contrastive analysis between English and Indonesian from adjective clauses in the Explanation Text (https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/explanation-text/orthis study).Flooding is the title.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the sources used by the researcher in the study, the researcher found information about the differences in adjective clauses between Indonesian and English from several types of adjective clause (Hutauruk & Puspita, 2020).

The differences of Adjective Clause in English and Indonesia
Based on the Explanation text analyzed by the researcher entitled How do Fish Breathe in https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/explanation-text/To create an adjective clause, there is a simple formula that can be used.We can choose one of the following two patterns: a. Relative pronoun or relative adverb + Subject + Verb b.Relative pronoun as subject + Verb There are types and pattern of adjectives clause found in the Explanation text based on the rules including: Table 1.Pattern of Adjective Clause (English) 1 Relative pronoun+subject+verb That, which, whom, whose, that live,that is, that mean 2 Relative adverb+subject+Verb When, which, why, where

Table 2. Pattern of Adjective clause (klausa adjektiva) Indonesia
The predicate is positioned as a state word and the composition of the adjective clause consists of a subject in the noun category and the predicate in the adjective category Based on the explanation text entitled "Flooding" in link https://www.englishiana.com/2016/08/20-contoh-explanation-text-terjemahannya.html?m=1

Flooding
Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities.In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims.Then, do you know the process of how flood happens?Pay attention to the following explanation.The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth.Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place.Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land.Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged.This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common.When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and cause flooding.
There are adjective clause analyses in English and Indonesia based on the pattern and types of adjective clauses.

Discussion
Research finds Ten sentences from the text "How Do Fish Breathe?"There are seven adjective clauses; five use "that," and there are two relative adverbs, which use "when" and "which."(Andriani, Yuniar, & Abdullah, 2021).
1.For the first sentence in English, the adjective clause which mean for flooding which= Relative pronoun.In indonesia the adjective clause is bencana yang sangat sering terjadi.bencana= noun, sangatsering, terjadi= klausa adjektiva.The type of clause is a restrictive clause.2. For the second sentence in English, the adjective clause is nothing and in Indonesia, the adjective clause is banjir sangat sering melanda kota Jakarta banjir = kata benda/noun, sangat sering melanda = klausa adjektiva and seringkali menelan banyak korban.Seringkali menelan banyak= klausa adjektiva, Korban= kata benda/noun.The type of clause is a restrictive clause.3.For the third sentence in English, the adjective clause is nothing, and in Indonesia, the adjecive clause is nothing because it lacks a form and general pattern.4. For the fourth sentence in English, the adjectival clause is: flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth.Which = Relative pronoun ,falls to the surface= verb+noun, of the earth= noun as object but in Indonesia there is no adjective clause.The type of adjective clause is a restrictive clause.5.For the fifth sentence in English, the adjective clause is nothing.In Indonesia, the adjective clause is ketempat yang lebih rendah.Ketempat=ke+tempat preposisi + kata benda , yang lebih rendah = adjektiva klause.The type of adjective clause is a restrictive clause.6.For the sixth sentence the adjective clause in English is nothing and in Indonesia, the adjecive clause is nothing because nothing a form and general pattern adjective clause from sentence.7.For the seventh sentence in English the adjective clause are Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area.When= relative adverb, Floods= noun as subject, Happen in an area= verb+preposition+ adverb.And that people live because the water carries along objects.That= relative pronoun, People= noun as subject, Live = verb, Because = conjunction, The water= noun as subject, Carries along= verb, Objects = object.In indonesia the adjective clause is Banjir yang terjadi secara almiah.Banjir= kata benda, Yang terjadi = kata kerja, Secara almiah= klausa adjektiva.The type of adjective clause is a restrictive clause.8.For the eighth sentence, in English the adjective clause is such as littering that can make water flow clogged.such as = determiner, That = relative pronoun, Can make= verb, Water = noun, Flow=noun, Clooged=verb.In Indonesia the adjective clause is Banjir yang terjadi secara almiah.Banjir= kata benda, Yang terjadi = kata kerja, Secara almiah= klausa adjektiva.The type of adjective clause is a restrictive clause.9.For the ninth sentence, in English the adjective clause which gradually becomes more common.Which = relative pronoun , Gradually= adverb, Becomes=verb, More common=adjective.In Indonesia the adjective clause is pembuangan yang semakin lama semakin banyak.Pembuangan= kata benda/noun, semakin lama semakin banyak= klausa adjektiva.The type of adjective clause is a restrictive clause.10.The tenth sentence, in English the adjective clause is When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, When = relative adverb, Water reservoirs= noun Can = modal verb, No longer=adjecive, Hold= verb, Water discharge = noun.types of adjective clauseis Restrictive clause Bu in Indonesia there is no adjective clause Based on the table above with the analysis, it can be concluded that the number of words most commonly found in the use of adjective clauses for explanation text is a total of 7 words out of 10 sentences.In English research, 7 adjective clauses out of 10 sentences include 3 uses of the word "whichcommonly found in the use of adjective clauses for explanation text is a total of 7 words out of 10 sentences.In English research, 7 adjective clauses out of 10 sentences include 3 uses of the word "which" as a relative pronoun , 2 uses of the word "when" as a relative adverb, and 2 uses of the word "that" as a relative pronoun."And In Indonesia, 7 words out of 10 sentences have a rule to find the adjective clause (Liunokas, 2020).
The adjective clause in the explanation text almost has a difference and similarity between them.The difference is that in English there are many kinds of adjective clause and the pattern has two: relative pronoun+S+V and relative adverb S+V.But in Indonesia, the pattern adjective clause can be seen from the sentence (Kusmaryani, Musthafa, & Purnawarman, 2019).The predicate is positioned as a state word, and the composition of the adjective clause consists of a subject in the noun category and the predicate in the adjective category.From the similarity between English and Indonesian, the types of adjective clause because the adjective clause changes noun and pronoun and has the same purpose (Sujarwo, 2020).

CONCLUSION
Based on the result of data analysis, the analysis of the adjective clause in English and Indonesia on the explanation text Flooding shows that they have similarities and differences in the type and function of the adjective clause, but the position of words has a little difference, like the position of subject and verb.In the explanation text, the research analyzed and produced seven adjective clauses in English and seven adjective clauses in Indonesia.The types of adjective clauses that were found and analyzed based on the explanation text, Flooding, are restrictive clauses.The difference is that in English, many kinds of adjective clauses exist and the pattern has two: relative pronoun+S+V and relative adverb S+V.But in Indonesia, the pattern adjective clause can be seen from the sentence.The predicate is positioned as a state word, and the composition of the adjective clause consists of a subject in the noun category and the predicate in the adjective category.The similarity between English and Indonesia comes from the types of adjective clauses.Restrictive clauses are independent and dependent sentences that are bound.If the dependent is omitted, then the independent meaning will be affected.Examples include: that; when; and which.which is used as a relative pronoun when it is used as a relative adverb, and which is used as a relative adverb.
1.The clothes are very expensive.(The price of the shirt = noun, very expensive = adjective) 2. That kid is very smart.(That kid = noun, very smart = adjective) 3. It's very cold this morning (This morning's air = noun, very cold = adjective) 4. The flower is very fragrant (The flower = noun, very fragrant = adjective) 5. Budi is taller than Andi (Budi = noun, taller = adjective)